How to Create a Fungible Token on Flow

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For Cadence 0.42 go to Legacy Docs

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This guide is an in-depth tutorial on launching a Fungible Token contract from scratch. To launch in 2 minutes using a tool check out Toucans

What are Fungible Tokens?

Fungible tokens are digital assets that are interchangeable and indistinguishable with other tokens of the same type. This means that each token is identical in specification to every other token in circulation. Think of them like traditional money; every dollar bill has the same value as every other dollar bill. Fungible tokens play a crucial role in web3 ecosystems, serving as both a means of payment and an incentive for network participation. They can take on various roles including currencies, structured financial instruments, shares of index funds, and even voting rights in decentralized autonomous organizations.

Vaults on Flow

On the Flow blockchain and in the Cadence programming language, fungible tokens are stored in structures called resources. Resources are objects in Cadence that store data, but have special restrictions about how they can be stored and transferred, making them perfect for representing digital objects with real value.

You can learn more about resources in the Cadence documentation and tutorials.

For Fungible Tokens specifically, tokens are represented by a resource type called a Vault:

access(all) resource interface Vault {
    /// Field that tracks the balance of a vault
    access(all) var balance: UFix64
}

Think of a Vault as a digital piggy bank. Users who own fungible tokens store vault objects that track their balances directly in their account storage. This is opposed to languages that track user balances in a central ledger smart contract.

When you transfer tokens from one vault to another:

The transferor's vault creates a temporary vault holding the transfer amount.
The original vault's balance decreases by the transfer amount.
The recipient's vault receives the tokens from the temporary vault and adds the temporary vault's balance to the its own balance.
The temporary vault is then destroyed.

This process ensures secure and accurate token transfers on the Flow blockchain.

Fungible Token Standard

The Fungible Token Standard defines how a fungible token should behave on Flow. Wallets and other platforms need to recognize these tokens, so they adhere to a specific interface, which defines fields like balance, totalSupply, withdraw functionality, and more. This interface ensures that all fungible tokens on Flow have a consistent structure and behavior. Clink the link to the fungible token standard to see the full standard and learn about specific features and requirements.

Learn more about interfaces here.

Setting Up a Project

To start creating a Fungible Token on the Flow blockchain, you'll first need some tools and configurations in place.

Installing Flow CLI

The Flow CLI (Command Line Interface) provides a suite of tools that allow developers to interact seamlessly with the Flow blockchain.

If you haven't installed the Flow CLI yet and have Homebrew installed, you can run brew install flow-cli. If you don’t have Homebrew, please follow the installation guide here.

Initializing a New Project

💡 Note: Here is a link to the completed code if you want to skip ahead or reference as you follow along.

Once you have the Flow CLI installed, you can set up a new project using the flow setup command. This command initializes the necessary directory structure and a flow.json configuration file (a way to configure your project for contract sources, deployments, accounts, and more):

flow setup FooToken

Upon execution, the command will generate the following directory structure:

/cadence
    /contracts
    /scripts
    /transactions
    /tests
flow.json

Now, navigate into the project directory:

cd FooToken

In our configuration file, called flow.json, for the network we want to use, we are going to state the address the FungibleToken contract is deployed to via aliases in a new contracts section. Since it is a standard contract, it has already been deployed to the emulator, a tool that runs and emulates a local development version of the Flow Blockchain, for us. You can find addresses for other networks, like Testnet and Mainnet, on the Fungible Token Standard repo.

We'll also need to add the addresses for ViewResolver, MetadataViews, and FungibleTokenMetadataViews, which are other important contracts to use.

"contracts": {
  "FungibleToken": {
    "aliases": {
      "emulator": "0xee82856bf20e2aa6"
    }
  },
  "FungibleTokenMetadataViews": {
    "aliases": {
      "emulator": "0xee82856bf20e2aa6"
    }
  },
  "ViewResolver": {
    "aliases": {
      "emulator": "0xf8d6e0586b0a20c7"
    }
  },
  "MetadataViews": {
    "aliases": {
      "emulator": "0xf8d6e0586b0a20c7"
    }
  },
}

Writing Our Token Contract

Next let's create a FooToken contract at cadence/contract/FooToken.cdc using the boilerplate generate command from the Flow CLI:

flow generate contract FooToken

This will create a new file called FooToken.cdc in the contracts directory. Let's open it up and add some code.

In this contract file, we want to import our FungibleToken contract that we've defined in flow.json.

import "FungibleToken"

In this same file, let's create our contract which implements the FungibleToken contract interface (it does so by setting it following the FooToken:). We'll also include fields for standard storage and public paths for our resource definitions. In our init — which runs on the contracts first deployment and is used to set initial values — let’s set an starting total supply of 1,000 tokens for this example.

// ...previous code
access(all) contract FooToken: FungibleToken {
    access(all) var totalSupply: UFix64
    access(all) let VaultStoragePath: StoragePath
    access(all) let VaultPublicPath: PublicPath
    access(all) let MinterStoragePath: StoragePath
    init() {
        self.totalSupply = 1000.0
        self.VaultStoragePath = /storage/fooTokenVault
        self.VaultPublicPath = /public/fooTokenVault
        self.MinterStoragePath = /storage/fooTokenMinter 
    }
}

Creating a Vault

Inside of this contract, we'll need to create a resource for a Vault. The FungibleToken standard requires that your vault implements the FungibleToken.Vault interface. This interface inherits from many other interfaces which enforce different functionality that you can learn about in the standard.

import "FungibleToken"
access(all) contract FooToken: FungibleToken {
    // ...totalSupply code
    access(all) resource Vault: FungibleToken.Vault {
        access(all) var balance: UFix64
        init(balance: UFix64) {
            self.balance = balance
        }
    }
    // ...init code
}

In order to give an account a vault, we need to create a function that creates a vault of our FooToken type and returns it to the account. This function takes a vaultType: Type argument that allows the caller to specify which type of Vault they want to create. Contracts that implement multiple Vault types can use this argument, but since your contract is only implementing one Vault type, it can ignore the argument.

A simpler version of this function with no parameter should also be added to your Vault implementation.

import "FungibleToken"
access(all) contract FooToken: FungibleToken {
    // ...other code
    access(all) resource Vault: FungibleToken.Vault {
        // ...other vault code
        access(all) fun createEmptyVault(): @FooToken.Vault {
            return <-create Vault(balance: 0.0)
        }
        // ...vault init code
    }
    // ...other code
    access(all) fun createEmptyVault(vaultType: Type): @FooToken.Vault {
        return <- create Vault(balance: 0.0)
    }
    // ...FooToken.init() code
}

Inside our Vault resource, we also need a way to withdraw balances. To do that, we need to add a withdraw() function that returns a new vault with the transfer amount and decrements the existing balance.

import "FungibleToken"
access(all) contract FooToken: FungibleToken {
    // ...previous code
    access(all) resource Vault: FungibleToken.Vault {
        // ...other vault code
        access(FungibleToken.Withdraw) fun withdraw(amount: UFix64): @FooToken.Vault {
            self.balance = self.balance - amount
            return <-create Vault(balance: amount)
        }
        // ...vault init code
    }
    // ...additional code
}

As you can see, this function has an access(FungibleToken.Withdraw) access modifier. This is an example of entitlements in Cadence. Entitlements are a way for developers to restrict access to privileged fields and functions in a composite type like a resource when a reference is created for it. In this example, the withdraw() function is always accessible to code that controls the full Vault object, but if a reference is created for it, the withdraw() function can only be called if the reference is authorized by the owner with FungibleToken.Withdraw, which is a standard entitlement defined by the FungibleToken contract:

// Example of an authorized entitled reference to a FungibleToken.Vault
<auth(FungibleToken.Withdraw) &{FungibleToken.Vault}>

Entitlements are important to understand because they are what protects privileged functionality in your resource objects from being accessed by third-parties. It is recommended to read the entitlements documentation to understand how to use the feature properly.

References can be freely up-casted and down-casted in Cadence, so it is important for privileged functionality to be protected by an entitlement so that it can only be accessed if it is authorized.

In addition to withdrawing, the vault also needs a way to deposit. We'll typecast to make sure we are dealing with the correct token, update the vault balance, and destroy the vault. Add this code to your resource:

import "FungibleToken"
access(all) contract FooToken: FungibleToken {
    // ...previous code
    access(all) resource Vault: FungibleToken.Vault {
        // ...other vault code
        access(all) fun deposit(from: @{FungibleToken.Vault}) {
            let vault <- from as! @FooToken.Vault
            self.balance = self.balance + vault.balance
            destroy vault
        }
        // ...vault init
    }
    // ...additional code
}

Many projects rely on events the signal when withdrawals, deposits, or burns happen. Luckily, the FungibleToken standard handles the definition and emission of events for projects, so there is no need for you to add any events to your implementation for withdraw, deposit, and burn.

Here are the FungibleToken event definitions:

/// The event that is emitted when tokens are withdrawn from a Vault
access(all) event Withdrawn(type: String, amount: UFix64, from: Address?, fromUUID: UInt64, withdrawnUUID: UInt64, balanceAfter: UFix64)
/// The event that is emitted when tokens are deposited to a Vault
access(all) event Deposited(type: String, amount: UFix64, to: Address?, toUUID: UInt64, depositedUUID: UInt64, balanceAfter: UFix64)
/// Event that is emitted when the global burn method is called with a non-zero balance
access(all) event Burned(type: String, amount: UFix64, fromUUID: UInt64)

These events are emitted by the Vault interface in the FungibleToken contract whenever the relevant function is called on any implementation.

One important piece to understand about the Burned event in particular is that in order for it to be emitted when a Vault is burned, it needs to be burnt via the Burner contract's burn() method.

This will call the resource's burnCallback() function, which emits the event. You'll need to also add this function to your token contract now:

import "FungibleToken"
access(all) contract FooToken: FungibleToken {
    // ...previous code
    access(all) resource Vault: FungibleToken.Vault {
        // ...other vault code
        /// Called when a fungible token is burned via the `Burner.burn()` method
        access(contract) fun burnCallback() {
            if self.balance > 0.0 {
                FooToken.totalSupply = FooToken.totalSupply - self.balance
            }
            self.balance = 0.0
        }
        // ...vault init
    }
    // ...additional code
}

If you ever need to destroy a Vault with a non-zero balance, you should destroy it via the Burner.burn method so this important function can be called.

There are three other utility methods that need to be added to your Vault to get various information:

import "FungibleToken"
access(all) contract FooToken: FungibleToken {
    // ...previous code
    access(all) resource Vault: FungibleToken.Vault {
        // ...other vault code
        /// getSupportedVaultTypes optionally returns a list of vault types that this receiver accepts
        access(all) view fun getSupportedVaultTypes(): {Type: Bool} {
            let supportedTypes: {Type: Bool} = {}
            supportedTypes[self.getType()] = true
            return supportedTypes
        }
        /// Says if the Vault can receive the provided type in the deposit method
        access(all) view fun isSupportedVaultType(type: Type): Bool {
            return self.getSupportedVaultTypes()[type] ?? false
        }
        /// Asks if the amount can be withdrawn from this vault
        access(all) view fun isAvailableToWithdraw(amount: UFix64): Bool {
            return amount <= self.balance
        }
        // ...vault init
    }
    // ...additional code
}

Adding Support for Metadata Views

The Fungible Token standard also enforces that implementations provide functionality to return a set of standard views about the tokens via the ViewResolver and FungibleTokenMetadataViews definitions. These provide developers with standard ways of representing metadata about a given token such as supply, token symbols, website links, and standard account paths and types that third-parties can access in a standard way. You can see the metadata views documentation for a more thorough guide using a NFT contract as an example.

For now, you can add this code to your contract to support the important metadata views:

import "FungibleToken"
// Add these imports
import "MetadataViews"
import "FungibleTokenMetadataViews"
access(all) contract FooToken: FungibleToken {
    // ...other code
    access(all) view fun getContractViews(resourceType: Type?): [Type] {
        return [
            Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTView>(),
            Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTDisplay>(),
            Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTVaultData>(),
            Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.TotalSupply>()
        ]
    }
    access(all) fun resolveContractView(resourceType: Type?, viewType: Type): AnyStruct? {
        switch viewType {
            case Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTView>():
                return FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTView(
                    ftDisplay: self.resolveContractView(resourceType: nil, viewType: Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTDisplay>()) as! FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTDisplay?,
                    ftVaultData: self.resolveContractView(resourceType: nil, viewType: Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTVaultData>()) as! FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTVaultData?
                )
            case Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTDisplay>():
                let media = MetadataViews.Media(
                        file: MetadataViews.HTTPFile(
                        // Change this to your own SVG image
                        url: "https://assets.website-files.com/5f6294c0c7a8cdd643b1c820/5f6294c0c7a8cda55cb1c936_Flow_Wordmark.svg"
                    ),
                    mediaType: "image/svg+xml"
                )
                let medias = MetadataViews.Medias([media])
                return FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTDisplay(
                    // Change these to represent your own token
                    name: "Example Foo Token",
                    symbol: "EFT",
                    description: "This fungible token is used as an example to help you develop your next FT #onFlow.",
                    externalURL: MetadataViews.ExternalURL("https://developers.flow.com/build/guides/fungible-token"),
                    logos: medias,
                    socials: {
                        "twitter": MetadataViews.ExternalURL("https://twitter.com/flow_blockchain")
                    }
                )
            case Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTVaultData>():
                return FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTVaultData(
                    storagePath: self.VaultStoragePath,
                    receiverPath: self.VaultPublicPath,
                    metadataPath: self.VaultPublicPath,
                    receiverLinkedType: Type<&FooToken.Vault>(),
                    metadataLinkedType: Type<&FooToken.Vault>(),
                    createEmptyVaultFunction: (fun(): @{FungibleToken.Vault} {
                        return <-FooToken.createEmptyVault(vaultType: Type<@FooToken.Vault>())
                    })
                )
            case Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.TotalSupply>():
                return FungibleTokenMetadataViews.TotalSupply(
                    totalSupply: FooToken.totalSupply
                )
        }
        return nil
    }
    // ...other code
    access(all) resource Vault: FungibleToken.Vault {
        // ...other vault code
        access(all) view fun getViews(): [Type] {
            return FooToken.getContractViews(resourceType: nil)
        }
        access(all) fun resolveView(_ view: Type): AnyStruct? {
            return FooToken.resolveContractView(resourceType: nil, viewType: view)
        }
        // ...other vault code
    }
    // ...other FooToken code
}

Creating a Minter

Let's create a minter resource which is used to mint vaults that have tokens in them. We can keep track of tokens we are minting with totalSupply

If we want the ability to create new tokens, we'll need a way to mint them. To do that, let's create another resource on the FooToken contract. This will have a mintTokenfunction which can increase the total supply of the token.

import "FungibleToken"
access(all) contract FooToken: FungibleToken {
    // ...additional contract code
    // Add this event
    access(all) event TokensMinted(amount: UFix64, type: String)
    /// Minter
    ///
    /// Resource object that token admin accounts can hold to mint new tokens.
    ///
    access(all) resource Minter {
        /// mintTokens
        ///
        /// Function that mints new tokens, adds them to the total supply,
        /// and returns them to the calling context.
        ///
        access(all) fun mintTokens(amount: UFix64): @FooToken.Vault {
            FooToken.totalSupply = FooToken.totalSupply + amount
            let vault <-create Vault(balance: amount)
            emit TokensMinted(amount: amount, type: vault.getType().identifier)
            return <-vault
        }
    }
    // ...additional contract code
}

We also want to decide which account/s we want to give this ability to. In our example, we'll give it to the account where the contract is deployed. We can set this in the contract init function below the setting of total supply so that when the contract is created the minter is stored on the same account.

import "FungibleToken"
access(all) contract FooToken: FungibleToken {
    // ...additional contract code
    init() {
        self.totalSupply = 1000.0 // existed before
        self.account.save(<- create Minter(), to: /storage/fooTokenMinter)
    }
}

After each of these steps, your FooToken.cdc contract file should now look like this:

import "FungibleToken"
import "MetadataViews"
import "FungibleTokenMetadataViews"
access(all) contract FooToken: FungibleToken {
    /// The event that is emitted when new tokens are minted
    access(all) event TokensMinted(amount: UFix64, type: String)
    /// Total supply of FooTokens in existence
    access(all) var totalSupply: UFix64
    /// Storage and Public Paths
    access(all) let VaultStoragePath: StoragePath
    access(all) let VaultPublicPath: PublicPath
    access(all) let ReceiverPublicPath: PublicPath
    access(all) let AdminStoragePath: StoragePath
    access(all) view fun getContractViews(resourceType: Type?): [Type] {
        return [
            Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTView>(),
            Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTDisplay>(),
            Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTVaultData>(),
            Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.TotalSupply>()
        ]
    }
    access(all) fun resolveContractView(resourceType: Type?, viewType: Type): AnyStruct? {
        switch viewType {
            case Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTView>():
                return FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTView(
                    ftDisplay: self.resolveContractView(resourceType: nil, viewType: Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTDisplay>()) as! FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTDisplay?,
                    ftVaultData: self.resolveContractView(resourceType: nil, viewType: Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTVaultData>()) as! FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTVaultData?
                )
            case Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTDisplay>():
                let media = MetadataViews.Media(
                        file: MetadataViews.HTTPFile(
                        // Change this to your own SVG image
                        url: "https://assets.website-files.com/5f6294c0c7a8cdd643b1c820/5f6294c0c7a8cda55cb1c936_Flow_Wordmark.svg"
                    ),
                    mediaType: "image/svg+xml"
                )
                let medias = MetadataViews.Medias([media])
                return FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTDisplay(
                    // Change these to represent your own token
                    name: "Example Foo Token",
                    symbol: "EFT",
                    description: "This fungible token is used as an example to help you develop your next FT #onFlow.",
                    externalURL: MetadataViews.ExternalURL("https://developers.flow.com/build/guides/fungible-token"),
                    logos: medias,
                    socials: {
                        "twitter": MetadataViews.ExternalURL("https://twitter.com/flow_blockchain")
                    }
                )
            case Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTVaultData>():
                return FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTVaultData(
                    storagePath: self.VaultStoragePath,
                    receiverPath: self.VaultPublicPath,
                    metadataPath: self.VaultPublicPath,
                    receiverLinkedType: Type<&FooToken.Vault>(),
                    metadataLinkedType: Type<&FooToken.Vault>(),
                    createEmptyVaultFunction: (fun(): @{FungibleToken.Vault} {
                        return <-FooToken.createEmptyVault(vaultType: Type<@FooToken.Vault>())
                    })
                )
            case Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.TotalSupply>():
                return FungibleTokenMetadataViews.TotalSupply(
                    totalSupply: FooToken.totalSupply
                )
        }
        return nil
    }
    access(all) resource Vault: FungibleToken.Vault {
        /// The total balance of this vault
        access(all) var balance: UFix64
        // initialize the balance at resource creation time
        init(balance: UFix64) {
            self.balance = balance
        }
        /// Called when a fungible token is burned via the `Burner.burn()` method
        access(contract) fun burnCallback() {
            if self.balance > 0.0 {
                FooToken.totalSupply = FooToken.totalSupply - self.balance
            }
            self.balance = 0.0
        }
        access(all) view fun getViews(): [Type] {
            return FooToken.getContractViews(resourceType: nil)
        }
        access(all) fun resolveView(_ view: Type): AnyStruct? {
            return FooToken.resolveContractView(resourceType: nil, viewType: view)
        }
        access(all) view fun getSupportedVaultTypes(): {Type: Bool} {
            let supportedTypes: {Type: Bool} = {}
            supportedTypes[self.getType()] = true
            return supportedTypes
        }
        access(all) view fun isSupportedVaultType(type: Type): Bool {
            return self.getSupportedVaultTypes()[type] ?? false
        }
        access(all) view fun isAvailableToWithdraw(amount: UFix64): Bool {
            return amount <= self.balance
        }
        access(FungibleToken.Withdraw) fun withdraw(amount: UFix64): @FooToken.Vault {
            self.balance = self.balance - amount
            return <-create Vault(balance: amount)
        }
        access(all) fun deposit(from: @{FungibleToken.Vault}) {
            let vault <- from as! @FooToken.Vault
            self.balance = self.balance + vault.balance
            vault.balance = 0.0
            destroy vault
        }
        access(all) fun createEmptyVault(): @FooToken.Vault {
            return <-create Vault(balance: 0.0)
        }
    }
    access(all) resource Minter {
        /// mintTokens
        ///
        /// Function that mints new tokens, adds them to the total supply,
        /// and returns them to the calling context.
        ///
        access(all) fun mintTokens(amount: UFix64): @FooToken.Vault {
            FooToken.totalSupply = FooToken.totalSupply + amount
            let vault <-create Vault(balance: amount)
            emit TokensMinted(amount: amount, type: vault.getType().identifier)
            return <-vault
        }
    }
    access(all) fun createEmptyVault(vaultType: Type): @FooToken.Vault {
        return <- create Vault(balance: 0.0)
    }
    init() {
        self.totalSupply = 1000.0
        self.VaultStoragePath = /storage/exampleTokenVault
        self.VaultPublicPath = /public/exampleTokenVault
        self.AdminStoragePath = /storage/exampleTokenAdmin 
        // Create the Vault with the total supply of tokens and save it in storage
        //
        let vault <- create Vault(balance: self.totalSupply)
        emit TokensMinted(amount: vault.balance, type: vault.getType().identifier)
        // Create a public capability to the stored Vault that exposes
        // the `deposit` method and getAcceptedTypes method through the `Receiver` interface
        // and the `balance` method through the `Balance` interface
        //
        let exampleTokenCap = self.account.capabilities.storage.issue<&FooToken.Vault>(self.VaultStoragePath)
        self.account.capabilities.publish(exampleTokenCap, at: self.VaultPublicPath)
        let receiverCap = self.account.capabilities.storage.issue<&FooToken.Vault>(self.VaultStoragePath)
        self.account.capabilities.publish(receiverCap, at: self.ReceiverPublicPath)
        self.account.storage.save(<-vault, to: /storage/exampleTokenVault)
        let admin <- create Minter()
        self.account.storage.save(<-admin, to: self.AdminStoragePath)
    }
}

Deploying the Contract

In order to use the contract, we need to deploy it to the network we want to use it on. In our case we are going to deploy it to emulator while developing.

Back in our flow.json, let's add our FooToken to the contracts after FungibleToken with the path of the source code:

"FooToken": "cadence/contracts/FooToken.cdc"

Let's also add a new deployments section to flow.json with the network we want to deploy it to, emulator, the account we want it deployed to emulator-account, and the list of contracts we want deployed in the array.

"deployments": {
  "emulator": {
    "emulator-account": ["FooToken"]
  }
}

Next, using the Flow CLI, we will start the emulator. As mentioned, this will give us a local development environment for the Flow Blockchain.

flow emulator start

Open a new terminal and run the following to deploy your project:

flow project deploy

Congrats, you've deployed your contract to the Flow Blockchain emulator. To read more about deploying your project to other environments, see the CLI docs.

Reading the Token’s Total Supply

Let's now check that our total supply was initialized with 1,000 FooTokens. Go ahead and create a script called get_total_supply.cdc using the generate command.

flow generate script get_total_supply

In cadence/scripts/get_total_supply.cdc (which was just created), let's add this code which will log the totalSupply value from the FooToken contract:

import "FooToken"
access(all) fun main() {
  log(FooToken.totalSupply)
}

To run this using the CLI, enter this in your terminal:

flow scripts execute cadence/scripts/get_total_supply.cdc

In the terminal where you started the emulator, you should see 1000.0

To learn more about running scripts using Flow CLI, see the docs.

Giving Accounts the Ability to Receive Tokens

On Flow, newly created accounts cannot receive arbitrary assets. They need to be initialized to receive resources. In our case, we want to give accounts tokens and we’ll need to create a Vault (which acts as a receiver) on each account that we want to have the ability to receive tokens. To do this, we'll need to run a transaction which will create the vault and set it in their storage using the createEmptyVault() function we created earlier on the contract.

Let's first create the file at cadence/transactions/setup_ft_account.cdc using the generate command:

flow generate transaction setup_ft_account

Then add this code to it. This will call the createEmptyVault function, save it in storage, and create a capability for the vault which will later allow us to read from it (To learn more about capabilities, see the Cadence docs here).

import "FungibleToken"
import "FooToken"
transaction () {
    prepare(signer: auth(BorrowValue, IssueStorageCapabilityController, PublishCapability, SaveValue) &Account) {
        // Return early if the account already stores a FooToken Vault
        if signer.storage.borrow<&FooToken.Vault>(from: FooToken.VaultStoragePath) != nil {
            return
        }
        let vault <- FooToken.createEmptyVault(vaultType: Type<@FooToken.Vault>())
        // Create a new FooToken Vault and put it in storage
        signer.storage.save(<-vault, to: FooToken.VaultStoragePath)
        // Create a public capability to the Vault that exposes the Vault interfaces
        let vaultCap = signer.capabilities.storage.issue<&FooToken.Vault>(
            FooToken.VaultStoragePath
        )
        signer.capabilities.publish(vaultCap, at: FooToken.VaultPublicPath)
    }
}

There are also examples of generic transactions that you can use to setup an account for ANY fungible token using metadata views! You should check those out and try to use generic transactions whenever it is possible.

Next let's create a new emulator account using the CLI. We'll use this account to create a new vault and mint tokens into it. Run:

flow accounts create

Let's call it test-acct and select "Emulator" for the network:

test-acct

This will have added a new account, called test-acct to your flow.json.

To call our setup account transaction from the CLI, we'll run the following:

flow transactions send ./cadence/transactions/setup_ft_account.cdc --signer test-acct --network emulator

To learn more about running transactions using CLI, see the docs.

Reading a Vault’s Balance

Let's now read the balance of the newly created account (test-acct) to check it's zero.

Create this new script file cadence/scripts/get_fooToken_balance.cdc:

flow generate script get_fooToken_balance

Add this code which attempts to borrow the capability from the account requested and logs the vault balance if permitted:

import "FungibleToken"
import "FooToken"
import "FungibleTokenMetadataViews"
access(all) fun main(address: Address): UFix64 {
    let vaultData = FooToken.resolveContractView(resourceType: nil, viewType: Type<FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTVaultData>()) as! FungibleTokenMetadataViews.FTVaultData?
        ?? panic("Could not get vault data view for the contract")
    return getAccount(address).capabilities.borrow<&{FungibleToken.Balance}>(
            vaultData.metadataPath
        )?.balance
        ?? panic("Could not borrow Balance reference to the Vault")
}

To run this script using the CLI, enter the following in your terminal. Note: you'll need to replace 123 with the address created by CLI in your flow.json for the test-acct address.

flow scripts execute cadence/scripts/get_fooToken_balance.cdc 123 // change "123" to test-acct address

You should see a balance of zero logged.

Minting More Tokens

Now that we have an account with a vault, let's mint some tokens into it using the Minter we created on the contract account.

To do this, let's create a new transaction file cadence/transactions/mint_fooToken.cdc:

flow generate transaction mint_fooToken

Next, let's add the following code to the mint_fooToken.cdc file. This code will attempt to borrow the minting capability and mint 20 new tokens into the receivers account.

import "FungibleToken"
import "FooToken"
transaction(recipient: Address, amount: UFix64) {
    /// Reference to the Example Token Minter Resource object
    let tokenMinter: &FooToken.Minter
    /// Reference to the Fungible Token Receiver of the recipient
    let tokenReceiver: &{FungibleToken.Receiver}
    prepare(signer: auth(BorrowValue) &Account) {
        // Borrow a reference to the admin object
        self.tokenMinter = signer.storage.borrow<&FooToken.Minter>(from: FooToken.AdminStoragePath)
            ?? panic("Signer is not the token admin")
        self.tokenReceiver = getAccount(recipient).capabilities.borrow<&{FungibleToken.Receiver}>(FooToken.VaultPublicPath)
            ?? panic("Could not borrow receiver reference to the Vault")
    }
    execute {
        // Create mint tokens
        let mintedVault <- self.tokenMinter.mintTokens(amount: amount)
        // Deposit them to the receiever
        self.tokenReceiver.deposit(from: <-mintedVault)
    }
}

To run this transaction, enter this in your terminal. Note: 123 should be replaced with address of test-acct found in your flow.json. This command also states to sign with our emulator-account on the Emulator network.

flow transactions send ./cadence/transactions/mint_fooToken.cdc 123 20.0 --signer emulator-account --network emulator

Let's go ahead and read the vault again. Remember to replace 123 with the correct address.

flow scripts execute cadence/scripts/get_fooToken_balance.cdc 123

It should now say 20 tokens are in the vault.

Transferring Tokens Between Accounts

The final functionality we'll add is the ability to transfer tokens from one account to another.

To do that, create a new cadence/transactions/transfer_fooToken.cdc transaction file:

flow generate transaction transfer_fooToken

Let's add the code which states that the signer of the transaction will withdraw from their vault and put it into the receiver's vault which will be passed as a transaction argument.

import "FungibleToken"
import "FooToken"
transaction(amount: UFix64, to: Address) {
    // The Vault resource that holds the tokens that are being transferred
    let sentVault: @{FungibleToken.Vault}
    prepare(signer: auth(BorrowValue) &Account) {
        // Get a reference to the signer's stored vault
        let vaultRef = signer.storage.borrow<auth(FungibleToken.Withdraw) &FooToken.Vault>(from: FooToken.VaultStoragePath)
            ?? panic("Could not borrow reference to the owner's Vault!")
        // Withdraw tokens from the signer's stored vault
        self.sentVault <- vaultRef.withdraw(amount: amount)
    }
    execute {
        // Get the recipient's public account object
        let recipient = getAccount(to)
        // Get a reference to the recipient's Receiver
        let receiverRef = recipient.capabilities.borrow<&{FungibleToken.Receiver}>(FooToken.VaultPublicPath)
            ?? panic("Could not borrow receiver reference to the recipient's Vault")
        // Deposit the withdrawn tokens in the recipient's receiver
        receiverRef.deposit(from: <-self.sentVault)
    }
}

To send our tokens, we'll need to create a new account to send them to. Let's make one more account on emulator. Run:

flow accounts create

And pick the name:

test-acct-2

Make sure to select Emulator as the network.

Don't forget the new account will need a vault added, so let's run the following transaction to add one:

flow transactions send ./cadence/transactions/setup_ft_account.cdc --signer test-acct-2 --network emulator

Now, let's send 1 token from our earlier account to the new account. Remember to replace 123 with account address of test-acct-2.

flow transactions send ./cadence/transactions/transfer_fooToken.cdc 123 "1.0" --signer test-acct --network emulator

After that, read the balance of test-acct-2 (replace the address 123).

flow scripts execute cadence/scripts/get_fooToken_balance.cdc 123

You should now see 1 token in test-acct-2 account!

The transfer transaction also has a generic version that developers are encouraged to use!

What are Fungible Tokens?​

Vaults on Flow​

Fungible Token Standard​

Setting Up a Project​

Installing Flow CLI​

Initializing a New Project​

Writing Our Token Contract​

Creating a Vault​

Adding Support for Metadata Views​

Creating a Minter​

Deploying the Contract​

Reading the Token’s Total Supply​

Giving Accounts the Ability to Receive Tokens​

Reading a Vault’s Balance​

Minting More Tokens​

Transferring Tokens Between Accounts​

More​